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1、句子结构及成分 相关概念中部石漠化综合防治水土保持区，要加强林草植被的保护与恢复，加强山洪地质灾害防治，加强石漠化综合治理，遏制石漠化蔓延，增强区域水土保持能力；东部生物多样性保护水土保持区，要加强自然保护区建设和流域水土流失区综合治理，切实保护生物多样性和特有自然景观，增强森林生态系统功能。1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性n. noun 名词v.verb动词vt. transitive verb及物动词 vi. intransit
2、ive verb不及物动词modal v.modal verb 情态动词aux. v.auxiliary verb助动词adj. adjective形容词adv. adverb 副词num.numeral数词interj.interjection感叹词pron. pronoun 代词prep.preposition介词art.article冠词 conjconjunction连词 2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)He op
3、ened the door.(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有(答疑qq )些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)She washes c
4、lothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点1. Most birds can fly.（ ）考点2. The children are flying kites in the park. ( )考点3. It happened yesterd
5、ay.（ ）考点4. My watch stopped.（ ）考点5. The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )考点6. She spoke at the meeting this morning. （ ）考点7. Shall I begin at once?（ ）考点8. She began working as a teacher after she left school.（ ）（ ）考点9. When did they leave Beijing?（ ）考点10. They left last week. （ ）3. 实义动
6、词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）I bought a pen yesterday. （bought “买”，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意
7、义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying一起作谓语，是助动词。)He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived一起作谓语，是助动词。)I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)He doesnt have lunch at home. (d
8、oes只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldnt have made such a mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought h
9、er many presents on her birthday.(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did单独作谓语，意为“做”，是实义动词。)Did he do his
10、homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成时，(答疑qq )had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。)指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i. Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming? ii. He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.iii. Where does( ) he live ( )?iv. He does ( ) some washing after work.
11、v. He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.vi. The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.vii. I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.viii. He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can的词义为“
12、能够”)You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）（具体用法参看P. 128Error! Reference source not found.）4. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点1. Get up early is g
13、ood for our health.早起有利于我们的身体健康。考点2. I want go home now. 我现在想回家。考点3. My favorite sport is play football.我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。考点4. There is a bird sings in the tree.有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。考点5. The boy sits over there likes singing.坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。考点6. The house was built last year has been sold out.去年建的那座房子已经出售了。考点7. The g
14、irls are singing over there are my classmates.在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。考点8. My parents wanted him work hard.我父母亲想让他努力学习。考点9. I remember saw him that day.我记得那天看见过他。10. I saw him walked into the building.我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1. _ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tas
15、tedC. TastingD. Having tasted2. The food _ delicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smellingD. is smelling一些同学分别选A和B。他们说，食物是被品尝、被闻的，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是从恢复成一句话后是“主动语态”还是“被动语态”着眼。主动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.(在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲，the boycry, 男孩哭，相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house
