《2018年西北大学外国语学院815英美文学与语言学之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2018年西北大学外国语学院815英美文学与语言学之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、2018年西北大学外国语学院815英美文学与语言学之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题-一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 The London School of Linguistics【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth
2、.2 Stylistics【答案】 Stylistics is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses （varieties ） of language , and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language. 3 Idiolect【答案】 J
3、ust as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect” 4 CMC【答案】 It is computer-mediated communication , distinguished by its focus on languag
4、e and language use in computer networked environments, and by its use of methods of discourse analysis to address that focus. 5 Prefix【答案】 In linguistics, a prefix is a type of affix that precedes the morphemes to which it can attach. Prefixes are bound morphemes （they cannot occur as independent wo
5、rds ） . While most languages employ both prefixes and suffixes, prefixes are less common. Some languages employ mostly suffixes and almost no prefixes at all. The use of prefixes has been found to correlate statistically with other linguistic features, such as a verb-object word order and the use of
6、 prepositions. 6 Concordance【答案】 The computer has the ability to search for a particular word , sequence of words , or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also retrieve all examples of a particular word. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of a certain word so that
7、information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. We may also be interested in sorting the data in some wayfor example, alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word. This is usually referred to as concordance. 7 Government【答案】 Government is another type of control o
8、ver the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition sho
9、uld be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it. 8 Pidgins and Creoles【答案】 A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone, but is
10、 learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community , it becomes a creole. The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole is called creolization. 9 distinctive featuresa means of working out a
11、 set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular 【答案】aspects of language sounds , first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people. 10Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act【答案】 According to Austin , a speaker might be per
12、forming three acts simultaneously when speaking.A locutionary act is the uttering of words, phrases, and clauses, which conveys meaning by giving out meaningful sounds. Therefore, when somebody says ?Morning?，we can ask a question like “What did he do?，and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.
13、”An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker?s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Therefore, for the same example，we can say “He meant it as a greeting”.A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus，by saying “Morning!” the speaker has made it clear tha
14、t he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer. 二、Short-answer-questions11What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about: Well, to be quite honest, I do not think she is ill today.【答案】 The four maxims of the co-opera
15、tive principle are as follows:Quantity. （1） Make your contribution as informative as is required （for the current purposes of the exchange）. （2） Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. （1） Do not say what you believe to
16、 be false. （2） Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Relation. Be relevant.Manner. Be perspicuous. （1） Avoid obscurity of expression. （2） Avoid ambiguity. （3） Be brief. （4） Be orderly.In the utterance given , it is probable that the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim ofQuality , which rules that d
