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1、2018年曲阜师范大学翻译学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题-一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Pidgins and Creoles【答案】 A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becom
2、es the first language of a social community , it becomes a creole. The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole is called creolization. 2 Diglossia【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usua
3、lly, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc. 3 1-narra
4、tor【答案】 The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this ease the critics call the narrator a FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR or I- NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first pers
5、on pronoun I is used. First-person narrators are often said to be “limited” because they don?t know all the faces or “unreliable” because they trick the reader by withholding information or telling untruths. This often happens in murder and mystery stories. 4 Speech and thought presentation【答案】 Spee
6、ch and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator?s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator?s representation of spe
7、ech acts, and narrator?s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into : narrator?s representation of thought , narrator?s representation o f thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought. 5 basic level category【答案】 Basic level category
8、 is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the general gestalt of the category. 6 bound rootBound root refers to the base form o
9、f a word that cannot further be analyzed without total 【答案】loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as “-ceive” in “receive”. 7 Innateness hypothesis【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky , who states that language are some
10、what innate and that children are bom with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.8 HyponymyHyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】a more specific word. The word which
11、 is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”. 9 Cognition【答案】 Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individua
12、l, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states （such as beliefs, desires and intentions ） and can be understood as information processing , especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved , or processes such as involving knowledge , expe
13、rtise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing , including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment. 10Lingua franca【答案】 It is language that is used for communication between different groups of people, e
14、ach speaking a different language , lhe lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication （e. g. English） , it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure an
15、d vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages. 二、Short-answer-questions11How to understand a sentence?【答案】 Besides decoding sounds and lexical meanings, comprehension also includes untangling the meaning of sentences. There are a few elements influencing the comprehension of sentences
16、. The first is that the ambiguity of word meaning leads to difficulties in sentence understanding. The more complex information the word has , the more difficult the sentence is to be understood. The second factor is that the linguistic structure of the sentence affects the processing time. Psycholinguists have addressed th phenomena
