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1、2018年南开大学外国语学院885专业英语之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Glottal Stop【答案】 V ocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop. 2 Speech community【答案】 Speech c
2、ommunity is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, s
3、uch as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the groups special purposes and priorities. 3 Speech and thought presentation【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in
4、fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator?s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator?s representation of speech acts, and narrator?s representation of speech. The Thought presentatio
5、n can also be categorized into : narrator?s representation of thought , narrator?s representation o f thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought. 4 cohort model【答案】 The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen
6、-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed , candidates that are no longer consist
7、ent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input- the best fitting word may be chosen if no single candidate is a clear winner. 5 Lingua franca【答案】 It is language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each spe
8、aking a different language , lhe lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication （e. g. English） , it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocab
9、ulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages. 6 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act【答案】 According to Austin , a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking.A locutionary act is the uttering of words, phrases, and clauses, which conveys meaning by
10、 giving out meaningful sounds. Therefore, when somebody says ?Morning?，we can ask a question like “What did he do?，and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker?s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Therefore, for the sa
11、me example，we can say “He meant it as a greeting”.A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus，by saying “Morning!” the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer. 7 IPA【答案】 IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet , which is dev
12、ised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages. 8 Language acquisition【答案】 It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations. 9 D
13、istinctive features of speech sounds【答案】 The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example , “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English. 10Design features【答案】 Design features : It refer to
14、 the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. 二、Short-answer-questions11Language can change through blending, metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustrate each of them.【答案】 1） blending : smog, bru
15、nch2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）3）borrowing : tea, encore 12How are affixes classified?【答案】 Considering the free and bound morpheme, affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to ano
16、ther morpheme, so it is naturally bound.Depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are generally classified into three subtypes , namely , prefix , suffix , and infix. For examples , “para-” as prefix ，“-tion” as suffix, and “-bloomingly-” in word “abso-bloomingly-luty” as infix.Affix can also be classified
