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1、2017年西南民族大学语言学基础之语言学教程复试仿真模拟三套题一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Language acquisition【答案】 It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations. 2 The Innateness Hypothesis【答案】 The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the a
2、bility to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is bom with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.3 Government【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of so
3、me words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the objec
4、t form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it. 4 Register【答案】 It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people , usually sharing the same occupation （e.g. doctors, lawye
5、rs） or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words , by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions （e.g. legal language）. 5 Allomorph【答案】 A morpheme may take various shape
6、s or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/. 6 Glottal Stop【答案】 V ocal tract
7、is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop. 7 Componential analysis【答案】 It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semanti
8、c components , or semantic features. For example , the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. 8 Entailment【答案】 It refers to the relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other. If X is true, Y is necessarily true，and if X i
9、s false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence “He has been to France” entails “He has been to Europe”. 二、Essay-question9 How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another? These questions about language hav
10、e fascinated thinkers throughout the ages. For example, Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm von Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldview. Write a short essay to explain your po
11、sition on this view.【答案】 Humans have a unique linguistic system for communication that serves as the primary vehicle for expressing thoughts. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles that develop along two different routes but overlap in some parts, where language and thought ar
12、e consistent with each other. But language is not the only means of expressing thought. As for the relationship between language and the thought , we think that language does not determine the way we think but influence the way we perceive the world and recall things, and affects the ease with which
13、 we perform mental tasks. That is, language may be used to provide new ideas, bring about a change in beliefs and values , solve problems，and keep track of things in memory. For example, a well-developed vocabulary may well assist us in learning the concepts the lexis covers. We recall things more e
14、asily when they correspond to readily available words or phrases. It is certainly easier for us to make a conceptual distinction if it neatly corresponds to a particular lexical item available in our language. When we label our experience with linguistic symbols, our language will influence how we r
15、emember and think about those experiences ; otherwise the relationship between language and perception , memory or thinking will be greatly reduced.In terms of relationship between language and culture , we can infer that a language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events that represent similar w
16、orld knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people?s attitudes, beliefs， world outlooks , and etc. Language expresses cultural reality. On the other hand, as peopled language uses express their culture represented by its social conventions, norms and social appropriateness, the culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically. Sharing
