《2017年哈尔滨师范大学英语语言文学综合之语言学教程复试实战预测五套卷.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2017年哈尔滨师范大学英语语言文学综合之语言学教程复试实战预测五套卷.doc（6页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、2017年哈尔滨师范大学英语语言文学综合之语言学教程复试实战预测五套卷一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms1 Speech and thought presentation【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator?s speech or thought. The speech presentation may h
2、ave the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator?s representation of speech acts, and narrator?s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into : narrator?s representation of thought , narrator?s representation of thought acts , indir
3、ect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought. 2 Slang :【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial spe
4、ech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal speech variety which often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rat
5、her unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”. 3 Meaning shiftMeaning shift: In a narrow sense, meaning shift is used to refer to the change of meaning 【答案】that has nothing to do with generalization or restriction su
6、ch as broadening or narrowing of meaning.4 Foregrounding【答案】 This term is meant for what is unusual, attractive, unconventional, salient. In literature, foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers9 attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding a
7、re deviation and parallelism. 5 Cross-cultural communication【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstand
8、ing can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown. 6 Minimal pairsThe two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs 【答案】in the same place in the string. For example，the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in
9、meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/. 7 Register【答案】 It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people , usually sharing the same occupation （e.g. doctors, lawyers） or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distin
10、ctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions （e.g. legal language）. 8 Surface structure【答案】 It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to
11、 the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance, “John is easy to please.” and “John is eager to please.” are two sentences with the same surface structure.二、Essay-question9 Discuss sense, denotation and refere
12、nce, using Chinese examples to illustrate your points.是古月壮麟语言学教程中的概念）【答案】 Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic expression. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers
13、 are interested in. For example , the word “狗” in Chinese is given the definition of “哺乳动物，种类很多，听觉嗅觉都很敏锐， 善于看守门户，有的可以训练成军犬、警犬” .This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense
14、 of the word dog.Reference means what a linguistic expression refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “这只we must be talking about a certain dog existing in the situation; the word “狗” h
15、ere refers to 狗真可爱”，a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “ 狗” in this particular situation.Denotation refers to the relationship between an expression and its extension. The term extension of an expression is the set of things which could be possibly be t
16、he referent of that expression. So the extension of the word “狗” is “所有种类的狗” .Thus, the relationship between the word “狗” and “所有种类的狗” is denotation, that is，the word “狗” denotes “ 所有种类的狗”.Furthermore , the differences between the three terms are discussed as follows.Sense and reference are two different but related aspects of meaning. Two expressions may refer to the
