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1、Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byrons own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but hes merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedom.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a
2、 single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定
3、的押韵方式。莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single school of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are consid
4、ered part of the Romantic Movement早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。他们都住在英国西北部的湖区，并且在文学和社会见解上有着一致性。湖畔派诗人主要回忆快乐的旧英格兰时代，把自然看作是精神上的避难所，因为他们惧怕即将到来的工业化和城市化。Metaphysicalpoetry（玄学派诗歌）Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.2witha
5、rebelliousspirit，theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfrom theconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.3thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods，andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4 theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.Metaphysical poets is a term coined by
6、 the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.玄学派诗歌一般用来称呼那些在John Donne影
7、响下写作的作家的作品。玄学派诗人一种背叛精神去试着打破传统的伊丽莎白爱情诗的束缚。玄学诗歌多使用巧智（wit and conceit），结构精巧（ingenious structure），韵律多变（irregular meter），语言口语化（colloquial language），意象奇特（elaborate imagery），并把不同的事物并置（a drawing together of dissimilar idea）。它们的意象多来源于现实生活。Neoclassicism（新古典主义）Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbro
8、ughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.2thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.3theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder
9、，logic，restrainedemotionandaccuracy，andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanityRomanticism（浪漫主义）1Inthemid-18thcentury，anewliterarymovementcalledromanticismcametoEuropeandthentoEngland.2Itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism，whichemphasizedreason，orderande
10、legantwit.Instead，romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion，emotion，andnaturalbeauty.3Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.4TheEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetr
11、ywhichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeWordsworth，ByronandShelley.13.Modernism（现代主义）Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermforamovement，whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.2modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophya
12、ndthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.3thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry，fiction，drama，painting，musicandarchitecture.4inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s，inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod，modernisttendenciesw
13、ereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.5asfarasliteratureisconcerned，Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules，traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatmanspositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.Itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.14.
14、Streamofconsciousness（orinteriormonologue）Inliterarycriticism，Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividualspointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharactersthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext，transferredfrompsychology，isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonolog
