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1、The Direct Method(DM),直 接 法,李亚琴,1.Introduction 2.Background 3.Theoretical Basis 4.Main Features 5.Objectives 6.Techniques 7.Comments,Brief Introduction of Direct Method,Definition :The Direct Method is a method of foreign or second language teaching which insists that only the target language should
2、 be used in class, and meanings should be communicated “directly” by associating speech forms with actions, objects, mime, gestures, and situations.,Background,A reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method. In the mid and late 19th century, European industry developed rapidly.,The rapid developm
3、ent of linguistics, psychology and education. The language teaching innovation turned into the Reform Movement in language teaching.,Theoretical Basis,Direct means takes the place of translation as the main technique in foreign language learning. Speech patterns should be the fundamental elements of
4、 language.,Spoken language is a learnable system of sounds, and sounds are best described by phonetic transcription. Sentence is regarded as a more useful unit of language instruction than word, and a verb is no less important than a noun.,Basic Principles of the Direct Method,1. Classroom instructi
5、on was conducted exclusively in the target language. Native language was thought to be an obstacle in the mastery of the target language and it should be avoided to a maximum. 2. Only everyday vocabulary and sentences were taught. Its obvious that children learn social languages that are widely used
6、 in everyday life, especially in the form of vivid languages, in great contrast to the decent written languages and dead languages. Therefore, direct method should also be based on real life so as to facilitate communication. 3. Oral communication skills were built up in a carefully traded progressi
7、on organized around questions-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small intensive classes.,4. Grammar was taught inductively. Students will first of all learn the language materials and then summarize the grammatical rules based on the previous knowledge of the input materials whic
8、h will in turn guide their future study. 5. New teaching points were taught through modeling and practice. As children learn language by first listening to others and then imitating and practicing, so much attention should be given to imitation and much oral drill. Correct pronunciation and grammar
9、were emphasized. Both speech and listening comprehension were taught 6.Concrete vocabulary was taught through demonstration, objects, pictures; Abstract vocabulary was taught through association of ideas.,Objectives: To foster the students ability to communicate in the target language. To help stude
10、nts exprss themselves without referring to their mother tongue.,Techniques: Direct association Question and answer exercises Conversation practice Error correction Dictation,Advantages: Form the habit of thinking in the target language. Achieve automaticity of using the target language.,Summary and
11、Comments,3. Pay special attention to pronunciation and intonation. 4. Regarding lisening and speaking as the basis of reading and writing is strategic in fostering the four skills. 5. Make foreign language learning more natural and efficient.,Disadvantages: Overemphazing the similarities between naturalistic first language acquision and classroom foreign language learning results in the exclusive tone. Without explicit grammar explanantion, students lack a necessary knowledge of the target language. The Direct Method places a high demand on teachers.,Thank you!,
