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1、Edward T. HallEdward Twitchell Hall, Jr. (May 16, 1914 July 20, 2009) was an American anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher. He is remembered for developing the concept of Proxemics, a description of how people behave and react in different types of culturally defined personal space. Hall was
2、 an influential colleague of Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller.BiographyBorn in Webster Groves, Missouri, Hall taught at the University of Denver, Colorado, Bennington College in Vermont, Harvard Business School, Illinois Institute of Technology, Northwestern University in Illinois and others.
3、 The foundation for his lifelong research on cultural perceptions of space was laid during World War II, when he served in the U.S. Army in Europe and the Philippines.From 1933 through 1937, Hall lived and worked with the Navajo and the Hopi on native American reservations in northwestern Arizona, t
4、he subject of his autobiographical West of the Thirties. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1942 and continued with field work and direct experience throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. During the 1950s he worked for the United States State Department, at the Foreign Service
5、Institute (FSI), teaching inter-cultural communications skills to foreign service personnel, developed the concept of High context culture and low context culture, and wrote several popular practical books on dealing with cross-cultural issues. He is considered a founding father of intercultural com
6、munication as an academic area of study.Throughout his career, Hall introduced a number of new concepts, including proxemics, polychronic and monochronic time, and high and low context culture. In his second book, The Hidden Dimension, he describes the culturally specific temporal and spatial dimens
7、ions that surround each of us, such as the physical distances people maintain in different contexts.In The Silent Language (1959), Hall coined the term polychronic to describe the ability to attend to multiple events simultaneously, as opposed to monochronic individuals and cultures who tend to hand
8、le events sequentially.In 1976, he released his third book, Beyond Culture, which is notable for having developed the idea of extension transference; that is, that humanitys rate of evolution has and does increase as a consequence of its creations, that we evolve as much through our extensions as th
9、rough our biology. However, with extensions such as the wheel, cultural values, and warfare being technology based, they are capable of much faster adaptation than genetics.He died at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on July 20, 2009.BooksThe Silent Language (1959)The Hidden Dimension (1966)The Four
10、th Dimension In Architecture: The Impact of Building on Behavior (1975, co-authored with Mildred Reed Hall)Beyond Culture (1976)The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time (1983)Handbook for Proxemic ResearchHidden Differences: Doing Business with the JapaneseAn Anthropology of Everyday Life: An
11、Autobiography (1992, Doubleday, New York)Understanding Cultural Differences - Germans, French and Americans (1993, Yarmouth, Maine)West of the Thirties. Discoveries Among the Navajo and Hopi (1994, Doubleday, New York etc.)InfluenceAccording to Nina Brown, the work of Hall was so groundbreaking that
12、 it created a multitude of other areas for research. One of the most widely sought after topics of anthropology is an idea that was first introduced by Edward Hall; Anthropology of Space. Brown goes on to mention that Anthropology of Space has essentially opened the door to dozens of new topics.Alon
13、g with influencing the Anthropology of Space, Hall also did substantial research on intercultural communication. For example, Hall based a large amount of his research on the Chilean culture and how they interact in a High context culture as opposed to a Low context culture used in the United States
14、.Robert Shuter, a well-known intercultural and cross-cultural communication researcher, commented: Edward Halls research reflects the regimen and passion of an anthropologist: a deep regard for culture explored principally by descriptive, qualitative methods. The challenge for intercultural communic
15、ation. is to develop a research direction and teaching agenda that returns culture to preeminence and reflects the roots of the field as represented in Edward Halls early research.Edward Hall是美国文化人类学家。他在、曾说过人与人之间有四种空间距离。1、Public distance 公众距离 可以达到360cm之远。2、Social distance 社交距离 大概由120cm到360cm。3、Personal distance 个人距离 是由45cm到120cm。（可以伸手碰到对方，虽然认识却没有特别关系。）4、Intimate distance 亲密距离 由45cm到零距离。（通常是亲人、很熟的朋友、情侣或是夫妻。）
