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1、专业英语整理1、 绪论1、语法特点：（1） 被动语态多中心是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者， 把论证说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出 中心，又能吸引读者的注意。英语和汉语的逻辑表达有所差别。英语表达注重行 为的结果；而汉语表达注重行为的主体。翻译时， 为符合汉语习惯，往往需要改变语序。例 1：The effect of different concentrations of olive oil was studied on the production of lipase using free and alginate immobilized cell. Maximal lipas
2、e production was observed at 1% olive oil in both cases (4290 and 41400 U/l), respectively.例2：The sample from the above step was loaded on pre-equilibrated Sephadex G-100 column with 50 mM TrisHCl buffer pH 8.6. The protein elution wasdone with the same buffer at a ow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The active
3、fractions were pooled, concentrated with lyophilizer and dialyzed against the TrisHCl buffer (50 mM, pH 8.6). This concentrated fraction wasstored at -20 .（2）广泛使用非谓语形式非谓语动词在句子中可以起到名词，形容词或副 词作用，动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动 词不定式。动名词用动名词短语取代时间从句或简化时间陈述句1)The gene should be cloned before it is expressed.The gene
4、should be cloned before being expressed.表达基因前，应先对其进行克隆An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。We must do various experiments before a new bio- product is designed.Before designing a new bioproduct we must do variousexperiments.在设
5、计一个新的生物制品之前，我们必须做各种实验 分词过去分词短语替代从句中的被动语态现在分词短语替代从句中的主动语态The suspension of the mixture producted in stirred tank is led by the pump to the separating device, where the unreacted residues of cellulose and lignin are separated and led into the second tank of the unreacted solid phase. 动词不定式This paper o
6、utlines some of the key issues to be addressed to achieve optimal integration either by modication of preceding (or following) chemical steps, biocatalyst evolution or combinations of these approaches together with process engineering.（3）省略句使用频繁 (精炼)省略成分： 状语从句中的主语、全部或部分谓语； 定语从 句中的关系代词which和that、从句中的
7、助词等；还常用介 词短语替代从句。If it is possible, the open-loop control approach shouldbe used in this system.Ifpossible,theopen-loopcontrolapproachshouldbe used in this system.可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。其他常用的省略形式：As already discussed 前已讨论， As explained before 前已解释， As described above 如上所示， If possible (necessary)如果可能（必
8、要），If so 倘若如此，As previously mentioned 前已提到， When needed (necessary, feasible) 必要时，Where feasible 在实际可行的场合，Where possible 在可能的情况下。（4） It句型和 祈使句使用频繁（准确、精炼）It句型：it 充当形式主语，避免句子“头重脚轻”祈使句: 无主语，精炼。It is very important (possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) toIt takes very much time learningIt is clear
9、(possible, necessary, natural, inevitable) thatIt happened that It must be admitted thatLet A be equal to B.设A等于B。Consider a high-pressure chamber. 假如有一个高气压气候室。（5） 复杂长句使用频繁 （准确、精炼）为了完整、准确地表达事物内在联系，使用大量从句例 1：Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within c
10、ells to increase the cells production of a certain substance. These processes are chemical networks that use a series of biochemical reactions and enzymes that allow cells to convert raw materials into molecules necessary for the cells survival.（6）后置定语多后置定语即位于其所修饰的名词之后的定语，汉 语常用前置定语或多个简单句来说明某概念或术 语，而
11、专业英语则更多地使用后置定语。All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous tothose of waves moving through water.所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。2、 修辞特点：（1） 广泛使用一般现在时（2） 较多地使用图、表和公式（3） 逻辑语法使用多a
12、lthough, because, but, if, once, only, suppose, as a result, because of, due to, so, therefore, thus, without等。3、 词汇特点：（1） 词汇构成：合成法（由相互独立的两个或更多的词合成得到新词），派生法（通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词）后缀含义例词-age抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等spillage溢出，percentage-ance，-ence抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等resistance电阻，difference差别-ency抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等effici
13、ency效率，frequency频率，-ion，-tion，-sion抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等action作用，automation自动化,transmission传输，trypsinization胰蛋白酶消化作用-logy学论，技术technology技术，biology生物学，toxicology毒理学，electrotechnology电工学-ness性质、状态、程度hardness硬度，deepness深度，brightness亮度，roughness粗糙度-ship情况、性质、状态、关系、地位relationship关系，friendship友好，membership会员资格，
14、scholarship奖学金，学问，学识，fellowship伙伴关系-phobic，-philic疏.的亲.的hydrophobichydrophilic后缀含义例词-ose糖Glucose,ribose,fructose-ol醇Butanol，ethanol,methanol-ase酶synthase,oxidase,lipase-lysis分解作用Glycolysis,hydrolysis,analysis-ate盐Sulphate,-some体Chromosome，ribosome2、 词汇1、 For thousands of years, microorganisms have b
15、een used to supply products such as bread, beer and wine. A second phase of traditional microbial biotechnology began during World War I and resulted in the development of the acetone-butanol and glycerol fermentations, followed by processes yielding, for example, citric acid, vitamins and antibiotics.数千年来，微生物一直被用来供应面包、啤酒和葡萄酒等产品。在第一次世界大战期间，传统微生物生物技术的第二阶段开始，导致丙酮-丁醇和甘油发酵的发展，接着是生产过程，例如柠檬酸、维生素和抗生素。2、 In the early 1970s, traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular
